ต่อเนื่องจากเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน บทความตอนแรกที่นี่ครับ
เครื่องหมายวรรคตอน - สู่ความหมายที่กระจ่างชัด
วันนี้เราจะมาดูเครื่องหมายวรรคตอนตัวแรกกัน คือการใช้อักษรตัวใหญ่ เกือบทุกท่านคงจะทราบหลักการใช้ Capital Letter กันเป็นส่วนใหญ่แล้ว แต่ที่ผมจะนำเสนอซึ่งคัดเรียบเรียงมาจากหนังสือรีดเดอร์ส ไดเจสท์นั้นจะแจกแจงเป็นรายละเอียดในแต่ละหัวข้อว่ากรณีไหนควรใช้อักษรตัวใหญ่ครับ
หลักการใช้อักษรตัวใหญ่ (CAPITALIZATION)
1. คำหรือกรณีต่อไปนี้ให้ใช้ตัวใหญ่
| หลักการใช้อักษรตัวใหญ่ | ตัวอย่าง |
| คำขึ้นต้นประโยค ขึ้นต้นคำหรือกลุ่มคำที่มีน้ำหนักเทียบเท่าประโยค | What time he came to work? Eight. That early? Nonsense! |
| ข้อความที่อยู่ในเครื่องหมายคำพูด (หากซ้อนอยู่ในวงเล็บไม่ต้ัองใช้ตัวใหญ่) | John said, “You can’t make me go.” The meeting will start at noon (please be on time!) |
| คำนำหน้าและลงท้ายจดหมาย | Dear Mary, Gentelmen: , Sincerely, |
| คำสรรพนามฉัน ผม และคำอุทาน | May I go with you? Hear us, O Lord! (ข้าแต่พระเป็นเจ้า ขอจงสดับฟังเราเทอญ) |
2. คำวิสามานยนาม คำที่เฉพาะเจาะจงเกี่ยวกับบุคคล
| หลักการ | ตัวอย่าง |
| 2.1) คำนามชื่่อสัตว์ สิ่งของ ชื่อเล่น ตำแหน่ง ชื่อย่อ ชื่อที่ใช้เรียกเป็นทางการ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นชื่อจริง ๆหรือสมมุติขึ้น | Rober Brown, Queen Elizabeth, Presiden Lincoln, Your Highness, Sir Walter Scott, Lady Jane Grey, Uncle Bob |
| ข้อยกเว้น : คำที่ไม่สำคัญ เช่น the, of, and ฯลฯ ที่ใช้นำหน้าชื่อหรือยศ ตำแหน่ง ไม่ต้องขึ้นต้นด้วยตัวใหญ่ | Henry the Eight, the Prince of Wales |
| 2.2) คำแสดงความเป็นญาติ ใช้ตัวใหญ่เมื่อใช้กับชื่อหรือแทนที่ชื่อ แต่เมื่อใช้กับสรรพนามแสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ ไม่ต้องใช้ตัวใหญ่ เช่น our, your, my | We’ll have to ask Mother. เราต้องถามคุณแม่ดูก่อน We’ll have to ask our mother. เราต้องถามแม่ของเราเสียก่อน (ไม่ต้องใช้ตัวใหญ่) |
| 2.3) สิ่งของหรือความคิดที่ถือราวกับว่าเป็นบุคคล | Jack Frost น้ำค้างแข็ง (เปรียบเป็นคนชื่อนายแจ็ค ฟรอสท์) Mother Nature ธรรมชาติ (เปรียบเป็นมารดาผู้ให้กำเนิดสิ่งทั้งปวง) |
| 2.4) ชื่อของเทพเจ้า พระเจ้า บุคคลศักดิ์สิทธิ์และพลังเหนือธรรมชาติ - สรรพนามที่อ้างถึงพระเจ้า | Jesus, Buddha, Allah, Zeus, God, Moses, etc.. - He, Him, His Thee, Thou |
3) วิสามานยนามที่ใช้เรียกสถานที่เฉพาะ
| หลักการใช้ | ตัวอย่าง |
| 3.1) ชื่อสถานที่ภูมิศาสตร์ ไม่ว่าจะมีอยู่จริงหรือเป็นสถานที่สมมติ | Kansas City, the Grand Canyon, the Promised Land (แผ่นดินแห่งพันธะสัญญา), Camelot (ปราสาทคาเมลอท) |
| หมายเหตุุ : North (ภาคเหนือ), South (ภาคใต้) ถ้าหมายถึงชื่อภาคของประเทศใช้ตัวใหญ่ | Chiangmai is in the North of Thailand. เชียงใหม่อยู่ในภาคเหนือของไทย |
| แต่ถ้าเป็นทิศ ไม่ต้องใช้ตัวใหญ่ | Turn right and drive ten miles west. เลี้ยวซ้ายแล้วขับไปทางทิศตะวันตกอีก 10 ไมล์ |
| 3.2) ชื่อของเทห์ฟากฟ้า เช่น ดาวเคราะห์ กาแลกซี่ สถานที่ในอวกาศ | Mars (ดาวอังคาร), the Milky Way (ทางช้างเผือก), the Great Bear (กลุ่มดาวหมีใหญ่), the Sea of Tranquillity (ทะเลแห่งความสงบ) |
| ข้อยกเว้น : ดวงอาทิตย์ ดวงจันทร์ ระบบสุริยะ ไม่ต้องใช้ตัวใหญ่ | sun, moon, solar system |
| 3.3) ชื่อสถานที่เฉพาะ เช่น ถนน จตุรัสหรือสวนสาธารณะ อุทยานแห่งชาติ เป็นต้น | Marymount Road, Yellowstone National Park |
4) วิสามานยนามซึ่งเป็นชื่อของสิ่งเฉพาะเจาะจง
| หลักการใช้ | ตัวอย่าง |
| 4.1) สิ่งของเป็นคำนามเฉพาะ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นเรือ เครื่องบิน สะพาน ฯลฯ | the Titanic, the White House, the Golden Gate Bridge |
| 4.2) ชื่อของวัน เดือน ยุคสมัย เหตุการณ์สำคัญ | Monday, World War II, September, the Stone Age (ยุคหิน) |
| ข้อยกเว้น : ชื่อศตวรรษ หรือชื่อฤดูไม่ใช้ตัวใหญ่ | the nineteenth century, the 20th century spring, summer, winter, autumn |
| 4.3) ชื่อศาสนา คัมภีร์ นิกาย | Christianity, Buddhist, Catholic. the Bible, the Koran, Islam |
| 4.4) ชื่อชนเผ่า เชื้อชาติ สัญชาติ | Red Indian (อินเดียนแดง), Spain, Californian, Anglo-Saxon |
| 4.5) ชื่อของภาษา | English, German, Russian |
| 4.6) ชื่อพรรคการเมือง การปกครองต่าง ๆ | a Domocrat (พรรคเดโมแครท), the United Nation (องค์การสหประชาชาติ), the Supreme Cout (ศาลฎีกา) |
| ข้อยกเว้น : อุดมการณ์หรือความคิดทางการเมืองไม่ต้องใช้ตัวใหญ่ | socialism, democracy, communism |
| 4.7) ชื่อขององค์กร ชื่อย่อ สาขาชื่อสมาชิก | Yale University, the Y.M.C.A, a Boy Scout (ลูกเสือคนหนึ่ง) |
| 4.8) ชื่อของบริษัท ยี่ห้อและเครื่องหมายการค้า | Coca-Cola, General Motor |
| 4.9) ชื่อหนังสือ บทกวี ภาพเขียน ภาพยนตร์ เอกสารทางกฎหมาย ฯลฯ | Harry Potter, the Mona Lisa, Gone With the Wind (วิมานลอย), the Treaty of Versaille (สนธิสัญญาแวร์ซาย) |
| 4.10) ชื่อวิชาเรียน | Biology (ชีววิทยา), Chemistry (เคมี) |
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